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『経済学史研究』59巻2号(2018年1月)目次

論文

Series: War and Economics〈2〉
Shigeyoshi Senga, War among the Sovereign States and the Generation of Economics

1-18

全文 Abstract 参考文献

War among the Sovereign States
and the Generation of Economics

Shigeyoshi Senga

Abstract:

The focus of this paper is the wars in Europe from the middle of the seventeenth century to
the early nineteenth century and their relationship with contemporary economics1( limited to
England and Scotland). As for the relationship between war and economy, there has been the
accepted view that war may arise due to particular economic interests. While it is true that
early mercantilists saw foreign trade and war as inseparable, major economists in this period
did not find a cause for war in economy. Economists wrestled with the practicalities of financing
war, such as the tax reform, but as public loans were enlarged for the expenditure of
war, warned against mercantilist wars and the bankruptcy of the state. Smith and Tucker had
different opinions about the independence of the American colonies, and Malthus and Ricardo
disputed the causes of the recession that followed the Napoleonic Wars. The economists
of this era, although considering war as a political matter, continued to look for ways to evade
war. The issue of war as a struggle for supremacy between states was expected to be replaced
by efforts to strengthen commercial and industrial competitiveness in the free trade market.
JEL classification numbers: B 11, B 12, N 45.

参考文献:

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Mechanism. London: Macmillan.
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全文 Abstract 参考文献

A Fundamental Economic Thought Problem
on Peace and War since the Cold War:
A Critical Appraisal of E. Schumacher, J. Galbraith,
and K. Boulding

Tsutomu Hashimoto

Abstract:

This paper raises a fundamental question and offers an original framework on war and peace
arguments based on primarily examining contributions in the field of war and economic
thought after World War II. Among the prominent figures in this field, I select three thinkers
in the field of economic thought, E. Schumacher, J. Galbraith, and K. Boulding, who presented
their own systematic visions of a peaceful society. The fundamental question on war and
peace raised here is, how we receive the principles of bios and eros, and of prosperity, from
an ideally peaceful situation, wherein the nature of peace is defined as “the negation of bios”
(i.e., the principle of death). In order to examine this question, I propose an original framework
and define the concepts of war and peace using categories of conflict and violence.
  In light of this fundamental question, in this paper, I reveal the contributions of the three
thinkers to our understanding of creating a peaceful world. First, I present the background
and explain the reasons for selecting these three figures. Second, I present the fundamental
question and my theoretical framework to explore the responses of the three thinkers to the
question. Finally, I clarify their responses and present an overview of their contributions towards
a peaceful society.
JEL classification numbers: B 20, B 52, P 40.

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Boulding, Kenneth E. 1941. Economic Analysis. New York: Harper.
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全文 Abstract 参考文献

D. H. Robertson’s ‘Real’ Theory of Economic Fluctuation:
‘Effort’ Concept in his Study of Industrial Fluctuation( 1915)

Junki Nakakitaura

Abstract:

This paper aims to explore the two essential factors of Dennis Holme Robertson’s theory of
economic fluctuation. Of the two, his ‘effort’ concept is important as the core of his real theory,
and his ‘industry’ concept is methodologically significant. These concepts in his first book,
A Study of Industrial Fluctuation, offer clarity regarding his economic view and a method of
macroeconomic analysis.
  The ‘effort’ concept implicates the behavioural decision of individuals( micro-analysis).
All humans exert ‘effort’ for getting ‘satisfaction’ to maximise their ‘net satisfaction,’ that is,
the difference between utility and disutility. In other words, any behavioural decisions are
based upon the ‘effort’ of individuals. The ‘industry’ concept is provisionally considered as a
coordinated group of individuals. Therefore, the behavioural decision of ‘industry’ is assumed
to be the same as that of individuals, which is based on an individual’s ‘effort.’ With these two
concepts, Robertson gradually extended his analysis from an individual (micro-analysis) to
industries and industry in general( macro-analysis). This is the very macro analytical method
of Robertsonian economics.
  The ‘effort’ concept is also the core of overall Robertsonian economics; for his subsequent
major theories, ‘capitalism’s golden rule’ and ‘lacking,’ also are grounded in his ‘effort’
concept. Any factors, such as the labour-capital conflict or monetary disturbance, can cause
fluctuations. For Robertson, however, ‘effort’ is the only ‘real’ measure and should be assigned
the highest weight as the essential factor.
  Such a re-evaluation of Robertson’s ‘real’ theory is expected to furnish some hints with
regards to certain outstanding issues of Robertsonian economics: (1) the ultimate cause of
discord with Keynes,( 2) inheritances from Marshall, and( 3) the unified understanding of
the ‘real’ and ‘monetary’ theories in Robertson’s works.
JEL classification numbers: B 13, E 32.

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38( 4): 1―36.
Bridel, P. 1987. Cambridge Monetary Thought: The Development of Saving-Investment Analysis from Marshall to
Keynes. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
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全文 Abstract 参考文献

Economic Chivalry and Laissez-faire:
A Study in the Tradition of Marshall, Pigou, Edgeworth, and Keynes

Naoki Matsuyama

Abstract:

The aim of this study is to shed light on the unknown tradition of Marshall’s ethical notion of
‘economic chivalry,’ then inherited by A. C. Pigou, F. Y. Edgeworth, and J. M. Keynes. At the
beginning, this work argues that while Marshall actually regretted not being able to indicate
the practical aspects of economic chivalry in his speech in 1907, the point was later discussed
by other contemporary economists. Specifically, in his public lecture, Pigou suggested that all
employers should be guided by a spirit of economic chivalry, in order to built the facilities
where young workers could have an opportunity to train physical and mental abilities. Then,
Edgeworth regarded economic chivalry as a philosophical foundation for his economic welfare
analysis, in which female workers should be treated equally to male ones, with the wage
level determined only by productivity, not by gender differences. It is for this reason that he
also pointed out the necessity of a subsidy to families. Finally, Keynes believed that, in the
interwar period, the British economy could not recover only through the effort of chivalrous
businessmen, who attempted to harmonise public interest and personal gain. The reason is
that he negatively considered chivalrous businessmen, defining them a ‘tarnished idol’ in business
practice at the time. Nevertheless, Keynes also argued the importance of setting the wage
level based on fairness and reasonability. Overall, these distinguished economists evaluated
Marshall’s idea of economic chivalry within the laissez-faire doctrine both positively and
negatively.
JEL classification numbers: A 13, B 13.

参考文献:

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全文 Abstract 参考文献

Hilferding’s Economic Policy
and the 1927 Agrarian Program

Yuko Kawano

Abstract:

In the late 1920s, R. Hilferding (1877―1941), an intellectual leader of the German Social
Democratic Party and prominent exponent of organised capitalism, played an important role
in economic policy, especially for agrarian problems. However, his activities have not been
completely explored from a historical point of view. In several international conferences in
1926, he argued against aggressive protectionism in favour of mutually beneficial trade
agreements and economic regulation under the League of Nations. Then, during parliamentary
discussions, he opposed the general rise of agrarian customs, and insisted on promoting
high-grade, intensified production by means of differentiated tariffs and financial aids. As for
international cartels, he led the 1927 inter-parliamentary commercial conference to accepting
his anti-monopolistic resolution.
  Within the party, Hilferding, as commission chairperson, drafted an agrarian program
based on his own earlier ideas as well as on the Austrian program, and successfully persuaded
the party congress to adopt it in 1927. This program included measures for land reform,
productivity improvement, and social policy, among others, intending to cooperate with the
rural working populace anew.
  As the financial situation worsened late in 1927 and the year after, he urged the temporary
introduction of foreign credits in order to maintain business prosperity. He criticised the
budget for mass taxation and military expenditure, highlighting the structural defects of the
fiscal transfer system, and tried to restore the balance through administrative reorganisation.
Nonetheless, he supported the emergency assistance project for agriculture, and demanded
individually granted loans as well as the control of commerce and even of production for stabilisation.
Overall, his economic policy aimed to make progresses in international cooperative
relationships, avoiding block economy, and cope with agrarian and financial difficulties
through productivity measures, basically grounded on his peculiar view of organised economy.
JEL classification numbers: B 24, B 31, P 16.

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全文 Abstract 参考文献

Sir James Steuart’s Theory of Commerce

Yuri Shiomi

Abstract:

This article aims to realise the concept of commerce on market economy in Sir James
Steuart’s An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy.
  Studies concerning the social function of commerce remain limited, whereas commerce
has performed an essential role for the functioning of the market. Sir James Steuart, known as
a mercantilist, focused on importance of commercial activities and theorised on it in early
times. I shall read his theory and offer an explanation of the idea and function of commerce
in it.
  According to Steuart’s Inquiry, Book II, the main concept of commerce is not an intermediary
role between producers and consumers but a trade among merchants. Merchants’ behavioural
principle is rational, unlike the limited rationality of producers and consumers.
Trade among merchants creates the proper market price through the operation of ‘double
competition’ and provides market information to non-merchants, producers or consumers, by
the market price determined by it. Moreover, through the emergence the current prices in
trade, commerce promotes the use of money in consumers’ hands.
  Steuart’s theory of commerce provides an explanation of the reason for the necessity of
merchants and commerce in market economy. His theory of the principle of commerce
should be considered as an effective economic theory focusing on the significance of commerce
in modern economy.
JEL classification numbers: B 11, B 31, D 49.
Sir James Steuart’s Theory of Commerce
Yuri Shiomi

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English Translation Series: Japanese Historians of Economic Thought〈5〉
Takuya Hatori, Early Period Ricardo’s Theories of Value and Distribution Translated by Robert Chapeskie and Shigeyoshi Senga

118-161

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Notes and Communications

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