2001年の第39号のときに年2号体制(原則として、7月と1月に発行)に改められました。
2005年の第47巻から現在の名称に変更され、今までの号を巻に読み替えると同時に、巻の下に号を新設しました。
なお、1989年の第27巻から公募論文の査読制を導入しました。
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『経済学史研究』60巻1号(2018年7月)目次
論文
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Jou Ishii, J. R. McCulloch on the Effect of Machinery
1-19
-
J. R. McCulloch on the Effect of Machinery*
Jou Ishii
Abstract:
The differences between the theories of displacement and of compensation of machinery are
related not only to issues regarding employment and income distribution but also to the different
perspectives on the market economy. Neoclassical as well as contemporary economists
criticise Ricardo’s machinery theory in the third edition of his Principles( 1817), which casts
serious doubt on the efficiency of a market economy. The compensation theory advocated by
economists, such as McCulloch, was in accordance with the neoclassical criticism of Ricardo,
wherein they perceive a market economy to be an efficient one. The development of the compensation
theory has rarely been studied so far, although its development can be observed in
the same way as that of the displacement theory.
This study examines the formation of McCulloch’s compensation theory in his debate
with Ricardo and its relevance to the neoclassical criticism of Ricardo’s machinery theory.
McCulloch insisted on the general benefits of machinery from the beginning as stated in
‘Taxation and the Corn-Laws’( 1820). The basic framework of McCulloch’s compensation
theory emerged in ‘Effects of Machinery and Accumulation’ (1821), in which he argued
that workers displaced by the introduction of machinery could be employed again owing
to the expansion of production, which would be stimulated by the growing demand for
commodities caused by the fall in prices. In the correspondence with Ricardo, after the
publication of the third edition of Ricardo’s Principles, McCulloch withdrew his criticism
that Ricardo had accepted the possibility of a general glut and focused his criticism on the
decrease in gross produce. McCulloch assumes that in arguing this, the maximum amount
of a product could necessarily be achieved in the competitive market under a given condition.
JEL classification numbers: B 12, B 31, O 33.参考文献:
Barton, J. 1817. Observations on the Circumstances Which Influence the Condition of the Labouring
Classes of Society. London: Printed for J. and A. Arch by W. Mason.
Berg, M. 1980. The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy 1815-1848.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Blaug, M. 1978. Economic Theory in Retrospect, 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
Gehrke, C. 2011. Ricardo’s Chapter ‘On Machinery’ and the Long-period Method. Review of
History of Economic Thought 1:88-110.
Groenwegen, 1970. Employment and Machinery: Two Classical Debates on the Effect of Automation.
Journal of Industrial Relations 12( 3): 348-59.
Hozumi, F. 1958. Haijo Setsu to Hosyo Setsu( The Displacement Theory and the Compensation
Theory). Economic Review( Kyoto University) 82( 2): 14-28( in Japanese).
Jonung, L. 1981. Ricardo on Machinery and the Present Unemployment: An Unpublished
Manuscript by Knut Wicksell. Economic Journal 91( 361): 195-205.
Kaldor, N. 1932. A Case against Technical Progress? Economica 12( 36): 180-96.
Keynes, J. M. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London:
Macmillan.
Kubo, S. 2014. D. Stewart and J. R. McCulloch: Economic Methodology and the Making of
Orthodoxy. Cambridge Journal of Economics 38( 4): 925-43.
Lambert, P.[ 1952] 2000. The Law of Markets Prior to J.-B. Say and the Say-Malthus Debate.
In Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments of Leading Economists, ed. by John C.
Wood and Steven Kates, vol. 5. London: Routledge, 16-33.
McCulloch, J. R. 1816. An Essay on the Reduction of the Interest of National Debt. London:
Joseph Mawman.
-. 1820. Taxation and the Corn-Laws. Edinburgh Review 33:155-87.
-. 1821. The Opinions of Messrs. Say, Sismondi, and Malthus, on Effects of Machinery
and Accumulation, Stated and Examined. Edinburgh Review 35:102-23.
-[. 1849] 1995. The Principles of Political Economy, 4th ed. In Collected Works of J. R.
McCulloch, ed. by Denis P. O’Brien, vol. 2. London: Routledge.
Malthus, T. R. 1820. Principles of Political Economy: Considered with a View to Their Practical
Application. London: John Murray.
Marx, K. 1971. Theories of Surplus Value: Volume 4 of Capital. 3 vols., part III. Moscow: Progress.
-. 1976. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Introduced by Ernest Mandel, translated
by Ben Fowkes, vol. 1. Harmondsworth and New York: Penguin Books.
Mazane, K. 1959. Kikai to Shitsugyo: Ricardo Kikairon Kenkyu( Machinery and Unemployment:
Inquiry into Ricardo’s Machinery Theory). Tokyo: Riron-sha( in Japanese).
Morgan, J. 2016. What is Neoclassical Economics?: Debating the Origin, Meaning and Significance.
London and New York: Routledge.
Morishima, M. 1989. Ricardo’s Economics: A General Equilibrium Theory of Distribution
and Growth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moroizumi, S. 2008. Ricardo no Kikairon nitsuite (Ricardo on Machinery). Journal of the
Faculty of Culture and Education, Saga University 13( 1): 323-34.
Negishi, T. 1998. Machinery. In Elgar Companion to Classical Economics: L-Z, ed. by Heinz
D. Kurz and Neri Salvadori. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 62-65.
Nohara, S. 1984. Kikai Mondai to Sangyo Shihon no Ideology: McCulloch no Shosetsu wo
Chushin toshite( J. R. McCulloch on the Problems of Machinery and Labour). Doshisha
University Economic Review 35( 1): 19-48.
O’Brien, D. P. 1975. The Classical Economists. Oxford: Clarenden Press.
-. 1992. J. R. McCulloch: A Study in Classical Economics. Aldershot: Greg Revivals.
Rashid, S. 2008. Machinery Question. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, ed. by
Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, 2nd ed., vol. 5. Houndsmill: Palgrave
Macmillan, 226-29.
Rassekh, F. 2016. Four Central Theories of Market Economy: Conception, Evolution and Application.
London: Routledge.
Ricardo, D. 1951-73. The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, ed. by Piero Sraffa
with the collaboration of M. H. Dobb, 11 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press[. Works]
Samuelson, P. 1988, Mathmatical Vindication of Ricardo on Machinery. Journal of Political
Economy 96:274-82.
-. 1989. Ricardo was Right! Scandinavian Journal of Political Economy 91( 1): 47-62.
Schumpeter, J. A. 1954. History of Economic Analysis, ed. from the manuscript of Elizabeth B.
Schumpeter. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shima, A. 1984. Ricardo Kikairon no Hitokoma( 2): Ricardo Genri Hakko Toji no Edinburgh
Review wo Chushin ni( A Note on the ‘Machinery Question’ in British Classical Economists
in Early 19th Century( 2): A Reference to Some Articles in Edinburgh Review at
the Period when Ricardo’s Principles was Published). Review of Kumamoto University
of Commerce 30( 3): 159-78.
Sismondi, Simonde de. 1991. New Principles of Political Economy: Of Wealth in Its Relation
to Population, trans. by Hyse Richard. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Stigler, G. J. 1952. The Ricardian Theory of Value and Distribution. Journal of Political
Economy 60:187-207.
Stirati, A. 1994. The Theory of Wages in Classical Economics: A Study of Adam Smith, David
Ricardo and their Contemporaries, trans. by John Hall. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Torrens, R. 1819. Mr. Owen’s Plans for Relieving the National Distress. Edinburgh Review
32:453-77.
Watarai, K. 2016. McCulloch, John Ramsay, and Ricardo. In Elgar Companion to David
Ricardo, ed. by Heinz D. Kurz and Neri Salvadori. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 309-22.
Wicksell, K. [1934] 2010. Lectures on Political Economy, vol. 1, General Theory, trans.
from the Swedish by E. Classen. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (reprinted by
Routledge).
-
The Transit of Ideas that Facilitated
the American Social Reforms:
John R. Commons and the “Wisconsin Idea” in the Progressive EraKen Kato
Abstract:
This study discusses the content of the “Wisconsin Idea.” It attempts to examine John R.
Commons’s view on this idea and his influence on several social reforms, and it tracks how
an active role played by economists led to the application of this idea to the American social
reforms.
Commons took part in the social gospel movement under the guidance of Richard T.
Ely. As a member of this movement, Commons worked towards the achievement of social
and political reforms rooted in Christianity and social sciences. According to Frederic C.
Howe (1912), in the 1910s, Wisconsin was regarded as an American state likely to accept
German social reforms. During this Progressive Era, in Wisconsin, several social and political
reforms were executed based on the “Wisconsin Idea,” which was named such by Charles
McCarthy( 1912). The idea was developed by several brain trusts under the governor Robert
M. La Follette. As a member of one of these brain trusts, Commons was also involved in several
social reforms. Owing to his experience not only as a former social gospeler but also as a
member of such a brain trust, Commons attempted to improve social welfare through the enactment
of legal rules based on cooperation between the state university and the state government.
Without this cooperation, it would not have been possible to establish the comprehensive
social legislation in Wisconsin.
Commons’s analysis reveals that, through the expansion of university extension programs,
it was possible to enhance the professional ethics of workers and improve the social
welfare of their community, and that there was a need for the associated economists to recognize
the permanent interests of the nation to adopt appropriate social reforms. Therefore, it
would not be an exaggeration to state that Commons was the very embodiment of the “Wisconsin
Idea.”
JEL classification numbers: B 15, I 38, N 93.参考文献:
Buenker, J. D. 1998. The Progressive Era, 1893―1914( History of Wisconsin), vol. 4. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Casey, M. 1981. Charles McCarthy, Librarianship and Reform. New York: American Library Association.
Chasse, J. D. 1991. The American Association for Labor Legislation: An Episode in Institutional Policy Analysis. Journal
of Economic Issues 15( September): 799―828.
Commons, J. R. [1894] 1967. Social Reform and the Church. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, Bookseller.
―. 1899―1900. A Sociological View of Sovereignty. American Journal of Sociology Vol. V. 1―15. 155―71. 347―66
(July―November 1899); Vol. V. 544―52. 683―95. 814―25( January―May 1900); Vol. VI. 67―89( July 1900).
―. [1913] 1964. Labor and Administration. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, Bookseller.
―. 1924. Legal Foundations of Capitalism. New York: Macmillan. 新田隆信・中村一彦・志村治美訳『資本主義
の法律的基礎』(上巻)コロナ社,1964.
―. 1934 a. Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy. New York: Macmillan. 中原隆幸訳『制度経済
学(上)―政治経済学におけるその位置』ナカニシヤ出版,2015.
―. [1934 b] 1963. Myself. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Curti, M. and V. Carstensen. 1949. The University of Wisconsin: A History, 1848―1925, 2 vols. Madison, WI: University
of Wisconsin Press.
Fitzpatrick, E. A. 1944. McCarthy of Wisconsin. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gonce, R. A. 1966. The Development of John R. Commons’ System of Thought. Ph.D. diss. University of Wisconsin―
Madison.
―. 1996. The Social Gospel, Ely, and Commons’s Initial Stage of Thought. Journal of Economic Issues 30( 3)( Sep.):
641―65.
―. 2002. John R. Commons’s “Five Big Years”: 1899―1904. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 61( 4)
(Oct.): i + 755―77.
Hadley, A. T. 1899. The Relation between Economics and Politics. Yale Law Journal 8( 4): 194―206.
―. [1901] 1969. The Education of the American Citizen. New York: Books for Libraries Press.
Hoeveler, J. D., Jr. 1976. The University and the Social Gospel: The Intellectual Origins of the “Wisconsin Idea.” The
Wisconsin Magazine of History 59( 4)( Summer): 282―98.
Hopkins, C. H. [1940] 1961. The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism 1865―1915. New Haven: Yale University
Press. 宇賀博訳『社会福音運動の研究』恒星社厚生閣, 1979.
Howe, F. C. 1912. Wisconsin: An Experiment in Democracy. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
―. 1925. The Confessions of a Reformer. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Kasparek, J., M. Bobbie, and S. Erica. 2004. Wisconsin History Highlights: Delving into the Past. Madison, WI:
Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
Lampman, R. J., ed. 1993. Economists at Wisconsin: 1892―1992. Madison, WI: The Board of Regents of the University
of Wisconsin System.
McCarthy, C. 1912. The Wisconsin Idea. New York: Macmillan.
Miller, K. E. 2010. From Progressive to New Dealer: Frederic C. Howe and American Liberalism. Pennsylvania:
Pennsylvania State University Press.
Moss, D. A. 1996. Socializing Security: Progressive-Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy.
Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Nelson, D. 1969. Unemployment Insurance: The American Experience, 1915―1935. Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin Press.
Rippley, LaVern J. 1988. Charles McCarthy and Frederic C. Howe: Their Imperial German Sources for the Wisconsin
Idea in Progressive Politics. Monatshefte 80( 1)( Spring): 67―81.
Risjord, N. K. 2007. Wisconsin: The Story of the Badger State. Madison, WI: Trails Books.
Rosentreter, F. M. 1957. The Boundaries of the Campus: A History of the University of Wisconsin Extension Division
1885―1945. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Rutherford, M. 2011. The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 1918―1947: Science and Social Control.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skocpol, T. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins and Social Policy in the United States.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Stark, J. 1996. The Wisconsin Idea: The University’s Service to the State. In Wisconsin Blue Book 1995―1996. Madison,
WI: University of Wisconsin―Madison, 1―80.
Turner, F. J. 1920. The Frontier in American History. New York: Henry Holt.
Uni, H., ed. 2017. Contemporary Meanings of John R. Commons’s Institutional Economics: An Analysis Using a Newly
Discovered Manuscript. Singapore: Springer.
伊藤文雄.1975『. コモンズ研究―産業民主主義への道』同文舘出版.
加藤 健.2009「. アメリカ 1910 年代における失業保険の構想―コモンズ,アンドリューズ,ルービノウ」『経
済学史研究』50(2): 38―55.
―. 2013.「 アメリカ社会保障制度の成立を支えた思想の展開―E. E. ウィッテとウィスコンシン理念」『同志
社アメリカ研究』49:25―43.
久保芳和.1966.「 十九世紀アメリカにおける北東部の保守的経済学について―古典学派のアメリカへの導入
の一節」『経済学・歴史と理論(堀経雄博士古希記念論文集)』未來社,195―215.
小池源吾.2002.「 ウィスコンシン理念と大学拡張」『広島大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 第三部(教育人間科
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五島敦子.2008『. アメリカの大学開放―ウィスコンシン大学拡張部の生成と展開』学術出版会.
児玉佳与子.1966「. アメリカ革新主義の精神的風土―ソーシャル・ゴスペルにおけるグラドンの役割」『史林』
49( 3):90―118.
―. 1973「. ソーシャル・ゴスペルと革新主義」関西アメリカ史研究会編『アメリカ革新主義史論』小川出版,
162―79.
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髙橋真悟.2006「. J. R.コモンズの「取引」経済学」―法的概念による制度経済学理論」『経済学史研究』48( 1):
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春山明哲.2004.「 チャールズ・マッカーシーによる「立法レファレンス・サービス」の創造とその歴史的展
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40-57
-
Scrope’s Natural Rights Theory
and Criticism of Laissez-faireTomonori Isaka
Abstract:
This study clarifies the main features of G. P. Scrope’s political economy.
What makes his work distinctive is his idea that the laissez-faire principle is justified
only under certain conditions. On the one hand, Scrope’s economics is firmly grounded in the
“principle of freedom”( free competition or free markets). On the other hand, based on the
natural rights theory, he maintains that the principle of freedom rests only on the assumption
that it is expedient for general interests. Whenever private property is seen as inconsistent
with the welfare of society, ‘society is justified-nay, bound-to modify it.’
The Irish land question and the poverty resulting from it is where Scrope most clearly
presents his criticism of laissez-faire. Not only does he propose introducing (and later, improving)
poor laws in Ireland, but also suggests that the government should purchase tracts
of privately-owned lands, improve them, and sell or lease them as small farms. According to
Scrope, land ownership in Ireland is ‘contrary to the interests and natural rights of the community,’
and, the government should exercise its ‘strict right’ to recover waste land.
However, Scrope never directs his criticism of laissez-faire towards the activities of capitalists.
For him, a capitalist mode of production is the key to civilisation and economic
growth. He explicitly criticises Hodgskin’s argument that labourers should own all their production.
His abstinence theory justifies the rights of capitalists to earn profits, and his attack
on currency policy takes the readers’ attention away from the hostile relationship between
capitalists and labourers.
It is important to distinguish where his criticism of laissez-faire is applied and where it
isn’t. It is misleading to emphasise only one aspect of his argument as this is paramount to
generalising his argument.
JJEL classification numbers: B 12, B 31.参考文献:
Black, R. D. 1960. Economic Thought and the Irish Question 1817―1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, B. 1987. Scrope, George Poulett (1797―1876). In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, vol. 4, 272―73,
ed. by S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan,
Hodgskin, T. 1825. Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital; or, The Unproductiveness of Capital Proved with
Reference to The Present Combinations amongst Journeymen. London: Knight and Lacey.
―. 1827. Popular Political Economy: Four Lectures Delivered at the London Mechanics’ Institution. London: Tait.
―. 1832. The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted. London: B. Steil.
―. 1857. Our Chief Crime: Cause and Cure: Second Lecture, on What Shall We Do With Our Criminals? Delivered at
St. Martin’s Hall, June 3, 1857. London: Groombridge and Sons.
Kern, S. W. 2003. McCulloch, Scrope, and Hodgskin: Nineteenth-Century Versions of Julian Simon. Journal of the History
of Economic Thought 25( 3) : 289―301.
Mill, J. S. 1848. Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. Boston: Charles C.
Little and James Brown.
―. 1868. England and Ireland. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
―. [1871] 1965. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume II―III―The Principles of Political Economy with
Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy (Books I―V), ed. by John M. Robson, introduction by V. W.
Bladen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 末永茂喜訳『経済学原理』岩波文庫,1959―63.
Opie, R. 1929. A Neglected English Economist: George Poulett Scrope. Quarterly Journal of Economics 44( 1) : 101―37.
Pashkoff, S. 1993. Two Contributions to the Decline of Ricardian Economics: Samuel Read and George Poulett Scrope.
Contributions to Political Economy 12( 1) : 47―69.
Rashid, S. 1981. Political Economy and Geology in the Early Nineteenth Century: Similarities and Contrasts. History of
Political Economy 13( 4) : 726―44.
Rudwick, M. 2004. Scrope, George Poulett. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian
Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, vol. 49, 551―54.
Schumpeter, J. A. 1954. History of Economic Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Scrope, G. P. 1830 a. A Letter to the Agriculturists of England, on the Expediency of Extending the Poor Law to Ireland.
London: James Ridgway.
―. 1830 b. The Common Cause of the Landlord, Tenant, and Labourers, and the Common Cure of Their Complaint: in
a Letter to the Agriculturists of the South of England. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1831 a. The Political Economists. Quarterly Review 44( 87): 1―52.
―. 1831 b. Poor-Law for Ireland. Quarterly Review 44( 88): 511―54.
―. 1832 a. A Plain Statement of the Cause of, and Remedies for, the Prevailing Distress: For the Consideration of a
Reformed Parliament, and of Those Who Will Have to Elect Its Members. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1832 b. Jones on the Doctrine of Rents. Quarterly Review 46( 91): 81―117.
―. 1832 c. The Right of Industry and the Banking System. Quarterly Review 47( 94): 407―57.
―. 1832 d. Amendments of the Poor Laws. Quarterly Review 48( 96): 320―45.
―. 1833 a. Plan of a Poor-Law for Ireland, with a Review of the Arguments For and Against It. London: J. Ridgway.
―. 1833 b. Principles of Political Economy, Deduced from the Natural Laws of Social Welfare, and Applied to the
Present State of Britain. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman[. 本文中では PPE と略記]
―. 1835 a. The Letter of George Poulett Scrope, Esq., M. P. to the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Hand
Loom Worsted Weavers, of the West-Riding of York: with Their Answer to the Same. Bradford: H. Warrman.
―. 1835 b. Political Economy, Versus, the Hand-Loom Weavers: Two Letters of George Poulett Scrope, Esq., M. P. to
the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Hand-Loom Worsted Weavers, of the West-Riding of York: with Their
Answer to the Same. Bradford: T. Inkersley.
―. 1836. Foreign Poor-Laws / Irish Poverty. Quarterly Review 55( 109): 35―73.
―. 1846 a. How Is Ireland to Be Governed?: A Question Addressed to the New Administration of Lord Melbourne in
1834, with a Postscript, in which the Same Question Is Addressed to the Administration of Sir Robert Peel in 1846.
London: James Ridgway.
―. 1846 b. Letters to the Right Hon. Lord John Russell, on the Expediency of Enlarging the Irish Poor-Law to the Full
Extent of the Poor-Law of England. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1846 c. Letter to Sir Robert Peel, on the Mode of Meeting the Present Crisis. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1847 a. Extracts of Evidence Taken by the Late Commission of Inquiry into the Occupation of Land in Ireland, on
the Subject of Waste Lands Reclamation; with a Prefatory Letter to the Right Hon. Lord John Russell. London:
James Ridgway.
―. 1847 b. Letters to Lord John Russell, M. P. on the Further Measures Required for the Social Amelioration of Ireland.
London: James Ridgway.
―. 1847 c. Remarks on the Irish Poor Relief Bill. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1848 a. How to Make Ireland Self-Supporting; or, Irish Clearances, and Improvement of Waste Lands. London:
James Ridgway.
―. 1848 b. The Irish Relief Measures, Past and Future. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1848 c. A Plea for the Rights of Industry in Ireland. Being the Substance of Letters Which Recently Appeared in the
Morning Chronicle, with Additions. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1848 d. Rights of Industry, or the Social Problem of the Day, as Exemplified in France, Ireland, and Britain. London:
James Ridgway.
―. 1849 a. The Irish Poor Law. How Far Has It Failed? And Why?: A Question Addressed to the Common Sense of
His Countrymen. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1849 b. A Labour Rate Recommended in Preference to Any Reduction of the Area of Taxation, to Improve the Operation
of the Irish Poor-Law: In Three Letters to the Editor of the Morning Chronicle. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1849 c. Votes in Aid and Rates in Aid of the Bankrupt Irish Unions: Two Speeches Delivered in the House of Commons.
London: James Ridgway.
―. 1850. Draft Report Proposed to the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Kilrush Union with Prefatory
Remarks. London: James Ridgway.
―. 1873. Political Economy, for Plain People: Applied to the Past and Present State of Britain, 2nd ed. London:
Longmans, Green.
Stack, D. 1998. Nature and Artifice: The Life and Thought of Thomas Hodgskin( 1787―1869)[. London]: Royal Historical
Society; Boydell Press.
―. 2000. The ‘Secret Concatenation’ in the Mid-nineteenth Century: The Case of George Poulett Scrope, a Still Neglected
Political Economist. History of Political Economy 32( 3) : 553―84.
Sturges, P. 1984. A Bibliography of George Poulett Scrope: Geologist, Economist, and Local Historian. Boston, Mass.:
Baker Library, Harvard Business School.
二階堂達郎.1999.「 スクループの信用・銀行論―通貨における公正と自由」『大手前女子大学論集』33:81―
91.
西沢 保.1994『. 異端のエコノミスト群像―19 世紀バーミンガム派の経済政策思想』岩波書店.
森下宏美.2001『. マルサス人ロ論争と「改革の時代」』日本経済評論社.
-
The Unsolved Problem of Economic Crisis
as a Turning Point of Marx’s Critique
of Political Economy, 1844-45Timm Graßmann
Abstract:
With the continuing publication of the complete works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
(Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, MEGA), a bulk of new material concerning Marx’s studies
of economic crises has been made available-with further releases expected to follow. These
publications have revealed Marx’s enormous efforts to examine in detail every economic crisis
through which he lived. The most prominent examples are the three Books of Crisis( Krisenhefte),
which he compiled in 1857-58 amidst the first truly global economic crisis. This
paper sets out to, first, provide an overview of new MEGA-texts regarding Marx’s studies of
contemporaneous 19th century revulsions. In the main part, a closer look will be taken at the
origin of Marx’s crisis studies in the 1840s. A comparison between his notes on James Mill’s
Elements of Political Economy, written in the Paris Notebooks( 1844), and his excerpts from
John Stuart Mill’s Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, taken in his
Manchester Notebooks( 1845), reveals Marx’s changing stance on classical political economy’s
‘general glut controversy,’ i.e., the debate over the( im)possibility of overproduction crises
in commodity-producing societies. In between his stays in Paris and Manchester, Marx
took extensive notes on the works of Simonde de Sismondi in his Brussels Notebooks
(1845), which played a major role in his break from anthropological-essentialist thinking.
JEL classification numbers: B 00, B 51, E 32.参考文献:
Scribal Abbreviations
MECW. Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works. Vol. 1-50. Moscow etc. 1975-2004.
MEGA. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels: Gesamtausgabe( MEGA). Berlin 1975-.
IISG, MEN. Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Marx-Engels-Nachlass.
Marx’s Sources
Bagehot, Walter. 1873. Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market. London.
Bonnet, Jacques Victor. 1859. Questions économiques et financières à propos des crises.
Paris.
Buret, Eugène. 1840. De la misère des classes laborieuses en Angleterre et en France, Tome
1. Paris.
East India (Bengal and Orissa Famine). 1867. Papers and Correspondence Relative to the
Famine in Bengal and Orissa.
East India (Madras and Orissa). Famine 1867. Return to an Address of the Honourable the
House of Commons.
Fowler, William. 1866. The Crisis of 1866. London.
Gassiot, John Peter. 1867. Monetary Panics and Their Remedy. London.
Goschen, George J. 1866. The Theory of the Foreign Exchange, 7th ed. London.
Kaufmann, I. I. 1873-77. Teorija i praktika bankovogo dela, Vol. 1. 2. Saint Petersburg.
Laing, John. 1868. The Theory of Business, 2nd ed. London.
McCulloch, John Ramsay. 1825. Discours sur l’origine, les progrès, les objets particuliers, et
l’importance de l’economie politique. Trad. de l’anglais par G. Prévost. Genève, Paris.
[McCulloch, John Ramsay]. 1826. ART. III.-The late Crisis in the Money Market Impartially
Considered. Edinburgh Review June: 70-93.
Macleod, Henry Dunning. 1868. The Elements of Political Economy. London.
Mann, Charles A. 1872. Paper Money. The Root of Evil. New York.
Mill, James. 1823. Elémens d’économie politique. Trad. de l’anglais par J. T. Parisot. Paris.
Mill, John Stuart. 1844. Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. London.
Patterson, Robert H. 1868. The Science of Finance. London.
Rey, Joseph-Louis. 1866. Des erreurs de la Banque de France et des crises financières que
ces erreurs provoquent. Marseille.
Ricardo, David. 1835. Des principes de l’economie politique et de l’impôt. Trad. de de l’anglais
par F. S. Constancio. 2. éd., tomes 1. 2. Paris.
Rota, Pietro. 1873. Principi di scienza bancaria, 2. ed. Milano.
Say, Jean-Baptiste. 1817. Traité d’économie politique, 3. éd., tomes. 1. 2. Paris.
-. 1836. Cours complet d’économie politique pratique, 3. éd. Bruxelles.
Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de. 1827. Nouveaux principes d’économie politique, 2. éd., tomes
1. 2. Paris.
-. 1837-38. Études sur l’économie politique, Tomes. 1. 2. Bruxelles.
Tooke, Thomas and William Newmarch. 1857. A History of Prices, and of the State of the
Circulation, during the Nine Years 1848-1856. In 2 Vols. London.
Wade, John. 1833. History of the Middle and Working Classes. London.
Walker, Amasa. 1876. Our National Currency and the Money Problem. New York etc.
Wirth, Max. 1858. Geschichte der Handelskrisen. Frankfurt a. M.
Secondary Literature
Arnon, Arie. 1984. Marx’s Theory of Money: the Formative Years. History of Political Economy
16( 4): 555-75.
Clarke, Simon. 1994. Marx’s Theory of Crisis. Basingstoke.
Grossmann, Henryk. 1924. Simonde de Sismondi et ses theories économiques. Warsaw.
Heinrich, Michael. 2006. Die Wissenschaft vom Wert, 4. Aufl. Münster.
-. 2013. Crisis Theory, the Law of the Tendency of the Profit Rate to Fall, and Marx’s
Studies in the 1870s. Monthly Review 64( 11): 15-31.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1968. Industry and Empire: An Economic History of Britain since 1750.
London.
Hollander, Samuel. 1985. The Economics of John Stuart Mill, Vol. 2. Oxford.
Krätke, Michael R. 1998. Kapitalismus und Krisen. Geschichte und Theorie der zyklischen
Krisen in Marx’ ökonomischen Studien 1857/58. Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung.
Neue Folge 1998:5-45.
Miyata, Korefumi. 2016. Karl Marx’s Credit Theory. The Relation between the Accumulation
of Monied Capital and the Accumulation of Real Capital. Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch
2015/16:10-27.
Otani, Teinosuke. 2016. Marx’s Theory of Interest-Bearing Capital, Vol. 1-4. Tokyo.
Paula, João Antonio de, et al. 2015. Investigating Financial Innovation and Stock Exchanges.
Marx’s Notebooks on the Crisis of 1866 and Structural Changes in Capitalism. Beiträge
zur Marx-Engels-Forschung 2014/15:194-217.
Rojahn, Jürgen. 1983. Marxismus-Marx-Geschichtswissenschaft: Der Fall der sog. „Öko nomische-
philosophischen Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844.“ International Review of Social
History 28( 1): 2-49.
Takenaga, Susumu. 2016. Marx’s Exzerpthefte of the Later 1860s and the Economic Crisis of
1866. Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch 2015/16:71-102.
-
Ricardo’s Theory of Value and International Trade:
On the Invalidity of the Alleged ‘Labour Theory of Value’*Taichi Tabuchi
Abstract:
This paper presents a new interpretation of Ricardo’s international trade theory. It shows that
Ricardo’s value theory in his Principles can be understood exclusively as the cost-of-production
theory of value, which integrates the domestic value theory and international value theory,
requisitely taking into consideration changes in the value of money when it is applied to
the analysis of international exchange.
In Section II, we critically re-examine the standard interpretation of Ricardo’s trade theory
in the so-called ‘Ricardian Model’ in textbooks today. Based on the concepts of ‘comparative
advantage’ and ‘gains from trade’ within the two-country two-commodity framework, we
show that it is a distorted interpretation, which originated from J. S. Mill’s arguments and
established through the debate between Viner and Haberler, in the opposite direction of
Ricardo’s original value theory. In Section III, we present that Ricardo consistently adopted
the cost-of-production theory of value, which is valid not only for domestic, but also international,
exchange based on the concept of natural price, with the so-called ‘labour theory of
value’ being merely a subset rule in the analysis of domestic exchange. We then show that
Ricardo’s original value theory inevitably takes into consideration the differences and adjustments
in the value of money in international exchange, in the analysis of international exchange.
Finally, we will briefly review that Ricardo was heading in the right direction towards
today’s theory of international trade including intermediate goods.
JEL classification numbers: B 12, B 17.参考文献:
Faccarello, Gilbert. 2015 a. Comparative Advantage. In Elgar Companion to David Ricardo,
ed. by H. D. Kurz and N. Salvadori. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
-. 2015 b. Labour Theory of Value. In Elgar Companion to David Ricardo, ed. by H. D.
Kurz and N. Salvadori. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
-[. 2015] 2017. A Calm Investigation into Mr Ricardo’s Principles of International Trade.
European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22( 5): 754-90. Also published
as Chapter 6 in Senga et al., eds. 2017.
Gehrke, Christian. 2015. Ricardo’s Discovery of Comparative Advantage Revisited: A Critique
of Ruffin’s Account. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22
(5): 791-817.
Haberler, Gottfried[. 1930] 1985. Die Theorie der komparativen Kosten und ihre Auswertung
für die Begrundung des Freihandels. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 32:349-70. Translated
into English in A. Y. C. Koo, ed. Selected Essays of Gottfried Haberler( 3-19). Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
-. 1933. Der Internationale Handel. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer.
-. 1936. Theory of International Trade. Trans. from the German 1933 edition by A.
Stonier and F. Benham.
Hisamatsu, Taro. 2016. Constructing a Myth that Ricardo Was the Father of the Ricardian
Model of International Trade: A Reconsideration of Torrens’ Principles of Comparative
Advantage and Gain-from-Trade. Discussion Paper No. 1630, Graduate School of Economics,
Kobe University.
Hollander, Samuel. 1979. The Economics of Ricardo. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
McKenzie, Lionel W. 1953-1954. Specialisation and Efficiency in World Production. Review
of Economic Studies 21( 3): 165-80.
Maneschi, Andrea. 2004. The True Meaning of David Ricardo’s Four Magic Numbers. Journal
of International Economics 62( 2): 433-43.
Mill, James[. 1818] 1989. Colony. In Encyclopaedia Britannica, Supplement to the 4th, 5th
and 6th eds., reprinted in 1989. Tokyo: Meicho Fukyu Kai, Vol. 3.
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London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, reprinted in 1992. London: Routledge and Tokyo:
Kinokuniya.
Mill, John Stuart.[ 1844] 1967. Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.
London: John W. Parker. Reprinted in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vol. 4.
Toronto: Toronto University Press.
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Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vols. 2-3. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
Peach, Terry. 1993. Interpreting Ricardo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ricardo, David. 1951-1973. The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo. 11 vols., ed.
by Piero Sraffa with the collaboration of M. H. Dobb. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Ruffin, Roy J. 2002. David Ricardo’s Discovery of Comparative Advantage. History of Political
Economy 34( 4): 727-48.
-. 2005. Debunking a Myth: Torrens on Comparative Advantage. History of Political
Economy 37( 4): 711-22.
Samuelson, Paul A[. 1969] 1972. The Way of an Economist. In International Economic Relations,
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Press.
Senga, Shigayoshi, Masatomi Fujimoto, and Taich Tabuchi, eds. 2017. Ricardo and International
Trade. London: Routledge.
Shiozawa, Yoshinori. 2014. A Final Solution of the Ricardo Problem on International Values.
Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten( in Japanese).
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2017.
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In Shiozawa et al., eds. 2017.
-. 2017 c. On Ricardo’s Two Rectification Problems. In Senga et al., eds. 2017.
Shiozawa, Yoshinori, Toshihiro Oka, and Taichi Tabuchi, eds. 2017. A New Construction of
Ricardian Theory of International Values: Analytical and Historical Approach. Tokyo:
Springer.
Sraffa, Piero. 1930. An Alleged Correction of Ricardo. Quarterly Journal of Economics 44
(3): 539-45.
Tabuchi, Taichi. 2006. Trade, Money & Power: Critique of International Economics. Tokyo:
Hosei University Press( in Japanese).
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al., eds. 2017.
-. 2017 b. Yukizawa’s Interpretation of Ricardo’s ‘Theory of Comparative Costs.’ In Senga
et al., eds. 2017.
Tabuchi, Taichi and Taro Hisamatsu. 2018. Did Ricardo Present the Ricardian Model of International
Trade? Paper presented for the 76th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of International
Economics, October 21-22, 2017. Tokyo: Nihon University, The International
Economy (Annual Review of the Japan Society of International Economics), 69,
forthcoming( in Japanese).
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Japanese).
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London: George Allen & Unwin.
Whewell, William. 1831. Mathematical Exposition of Some of the Leading Doctrines in Mr.
Ricardo’s ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.’ Cambridge: Transactions of
the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
Yukizawa, Kenzo.[ 1974] 1988. The Original Meaning and the Deformed Interpretation of
Ricardo’s ‘Theory of Comparative Costs. Shogakuronsan 15( 6): 25-51. Reprinted in K.
Morita ed., Classical Theory of International Trade: An Introduction to Ricardian Economics
and International Trade Theory. Tokyo: Dobunkan( in Japanese).
-. 1978. Formation of Classical Theory of International Trade: Ricardo and James & John
Stuart Mill. In K. Yukizawa and M. Tanaka et al., eds. On Method and History of Social
Science. Kyoto: Minerva Shobo( in Japanese).
-
English Translation Series: Japanese Historians of Economic Thought〈6〉
Shiro Sugihara, Nature, Human Beings, and Labour. Translated by Robert Chapeskie and Natsu Matsui100-36
講評
-
第15回経済学史学会研究奨励賞受賞作講評
論文賞 若松直幸「リカードウ『原理』第 29 章における公債制度論」『経済学史研究』59 巻 1 号,2017 年 7 月137-38
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第 2 回経済学史学会賞受賞作講評
佐々木憲介『イギリス歴史学派と経済学方法論争』 北海道大学出版会,2013 年139-40
研究動向
-
参考文献:
[ I 節]
Baranzini, M. and A. Mirante, eds. 2016. A Compendium of Italian Economists at Oxbridge. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Harcourt. G. C. 1972. Some Cambridge Controversies in the Theory of Capital. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
神谷傳造訳『ケムブリジ資本論争』改訳版,日本経済評論社,1988.
―. 2006. The Structure of Post-Keynesian Economics: The Core Contributions of the Pioneers. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Kriesler, P. 1987. Kalecki’s Microanalysis: The Development of Kalecki’s Analysis of Pricing and Distribution.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 金尾敏寛・松谷泰樹訳『カレツキと現代経済―価格設定と分配の
分析』日本経済評論社,2000.
Millmow, A. 2017. A History of Australasian Economic Thought. London: Routledge.
Pasinetti, L. L. 2007. Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A ‘Revolution in Economics’ to be Accomplished.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 渡会勝義監訳『ケインズとケンブリッジ・ケインジアン―未完の「経
済学革命」』日本経済評論社,2017.
Velupillai, K. V. 2017. G. C. Harcourt( 1931―). In The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics, Vol. 2, ed. by R. A.
Cord. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1003―26.
金尾敏寛.2000.「訳者解説とあとがき」P. クライスラー(金尾敏寛・松谷泰樹訳)『カレツキと現代経済―
価格設定と分配の分析』日本経済評論社,183―215.
鍋島直樹.2001.『ケインズとカレツキ―ポスト・ケインズ派経済学の源泉』名古屋大学出版会.
―. 2017.『ポスト・ケインズ派経済学―マクロ経済学の革新を求めて』名古屋大学出版会.
[ III 節]
Fontana, G. and M. Setterfield, ed. 2009. Macroeconomic Theory and Macroeconomic Pedagogy. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Hicks, J. R. 1965. Capital and Growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 安井琢磨・福岡正夫訳『資本と成長』I・II, 岩波書店,
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[ IV 節]
Halevi, Joseph. 2016 a. Accumulation and Structural Disequilibrium. In Post-Keynesian Essays from Down Under, Volume
I: Essays on Keynes, Harrod and Kalecki: Theory and Policy in an Historical Context, ed. by J. Halevi, G. C.
Harcourt, P. Kriesler, and J. W. Nevile, chapter 25:331―51.
―. 2016 b. Accumulation, Breakdown Crises, Disproportionality, and Effective Demand. In Post-Keynesian Essays
from Down Under, Volume IV: Essays on Theory: Theory and Policy in an Historical Context, ed. by J. Halevi, G. C.
Harcourt, P. Kriesler, and J. W. Nevile, chapter 10:115―25.
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chapter 12:147―64.
―. 2016 d. Marxism and Post-Keynesian Economics. In ibid., chapter 34:461―75.
Hicks, J. R. 1965. Capital and Growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 安井琢磨・福岡正夫訳『資本と成長』I・II, 岩波書店,
1970.
―. 1985. Methods of Dynamic Economics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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Notes and Communications
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Tsutomu Hashimoto, How a Fat Slave Can Make His Soul Noble: Takenori Inoki on Liberty
164-70
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Takashi Uchiyama, Cournot’s Limit Theorem and the Cost Functions: A Diagrammatic Exposition
171-78
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若森みどりカール・ポランニー研究の新地平と課題― Gareth Dale の 3 冊の書籍を読んで―
179-188
書評
北田了介
Hiroyuki Okon
藤田菜々子
Martin Grancay
桑田学